The <image>
CSS data type represents a two-dimensional image. There are two kinds of images: plain images, referenced with a <url>
, and dynamically-generated images, generated with <gradient>
or element()
. Images can be used with numerous CSS properties, such as background-image
, border-image
, content
, cursor
, and list-style-image
.
Image types
CSS can handle the following kinds of images:
- Images with intrinsic dimensions (a natural size), like a JPEG, PNG, or other raster format.
- Images with multiple intrinsic dimensions, existing in multiple versions inside a single file, like some .ico formats. (In this case, the intrinsic dimensions will be those of the image largest in area and the aspect ratio most similar to the containing box.)
- Images with no intrinsic dimensions but with an intrinsic aspect ratio between its width and height, like an SVG or other vector format.
- Images with neither intrinsic dimensions, nor an intrinsic aspect ratio, like a CSS gradient.
CSS determines an object's concrete size using (1) its intrinsic dimensions; (2) its specified size, defined by CSS properties like width
, height
, or background-size
; and (3) its default size, determined by the kind of property the image is used with:
Kind of object | Default object size |
---|---|
background-image |
The size of the element's background positioning area |
list-style-image |
The size of a 1em character |
border-image |
The size of the element's border image area |
cursor |
The browser-defined size matching the usual cursor size on the client's system |
border-image-source |
? |
mask-image |
? |
shape-outside |
? |
mask-border-source |
? |
Replaced content, as when combining content with a pseudo-element (::after or ::before ) |
A 300px × 150px rectangle |
The concrete object size is calculated using the following algorithm:
- If the specified size defines both the width and the height, these values are used as the concrete object size.
- If the specified size defines only the width or only the height, the missing value is determined using the intrinsic ratio, if there is any, the intrinsic dimensions if the specified value matches, or the default object size for that missing value.
- If the specified size defines neither the width nor the height, the concrete object size is calculated so that it matches the intrinsic aspect ratio of the image but without exceeding the default object size in any dimension. If the image has no intrinsic aspect ratio, the intrinsic aspect ratio of the object it applies to is used; if this object has none, the missing width or height are taken from the default object size.
Syntax
The <image>
data type can be represented with any of the following:
- An image denoted by the
<url>
data type - A
<gradient>
data type - A part of the webpage, defined by the
element()
function
Examples
Valid images
url(test.jpg) /* A <url>, as long as test.jpg is an actual image */ linear-gradient(blue, red) /* A <gradient> */ element(#realid) /* A part of the webpage, referenced with the element() function, if "realid" is an existing ID on the page */
Invalid images
cervin.jpg /* An image file must be defined using the url() function. */ url(report.pdf) /* A file pointed to by the url() function must be an image. */ element(#fakeid) /* An element ID must be an existing ID on the page. */
Specifications
Specification | Status | Comment |
---|---|---|
CSS Images Module Level 4 The definition of '<image>' in that specification. |
Working Draft | Adds element() , image() , conic-gradient() , repeating-conic-gradient() , and image-resolution . |
CSS Images Module Level 3 The definition of '<image>' in that specification. |
Candidate Recommendation | Initial definition. Before this, there was no explicitly defined <image> data type. Images could only be defined using the url() functional notation. |
Browser compatibility
Feature | Chrome | Edge | Firefox | Internet Explorer | Opera | Safari |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic support | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
<gradient> | Yes -webkit- | ? | Yes1 | 10 -ms- | Yes | Yes |
element() | No | ? | 4 -moz- 2 | No | No | No |
Feature | Android webview | Chrome for Android | Edge mobile | Firefox for Android | IE mobile | Opera Android | iOS Safari |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic support | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
<gradient> | ? | ? | ? | Yes1 | ? | ? | ? |
element() | No | ? | ? | 4 -moz- 2 | No | No | No |
1. Gradients are limited to background-image
, border-image
, and mask-image
.
2. element()
is limited to background-image
and background
.